Simple past tense digunakan untuk fakta-fakta dan peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lampau. Contoh:
- I was with my grandmother yesterday.
- They were at home last week.
Tunggal
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was |
Jamak
We were
You were
They were |
- I was happy yesterday
- We were teachers for 20 years
- There was a lot of rain yesterday
- I was really busy yesterday. (Waktu dalam kalimat ini dinyatakan)
- I was really busy. (Waktu dalam kalimat ini tidak dinyatakan, tetapi dalam sebuah percakapan waktu yang dimaksud dapat dimengerti).
Kalimat negatif simple past tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah kata kerja “to be”. Contoh:
- It was not sunny yesterday
- They were not in the library
- She was not hungry -> She wasn’t hungry
- They were not abroad last year -> They weren’t abroad last year.
Pertanyaan dibuat dengan menukar posisi subjek dan kata kerja “to be”. Contoh:
- He was a teacher
- Was he a teacher?
- We were happy to see your family.
- Were you happy to see my family?
- I played tennis with some guys from work yesterday.
- We stayed in Shanghai for five days.
- jump -> jumped: The dog jumped over the fence.
- walk -> walked: I walked 22 kilometers yesterday.
- work -> worked: We worked together as lawyers for 15 years.
Simple past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah tindakan yang telah selesai dilakukan. Contoh:
- We watched a movie at the weekend (kami menonton film di akhir pekan)
- She arrived on Thursday (dia tiba hari Kamis)
- I walked to work this morning – Dalam kalimat ini waktunya disebutkan
- I walked to work – Dalam kalimat ini waktu tidak disebutkan, tetapi konteks kalimatnya dapat membuat kita memahami waktu yang dimaksud (yakni waktu lampau).
Kalimat negatif simple past tense dibuat dengan did dan not. Did adalah bentuk lampau dari kata kerja to do. Did dan not sering disingkat menjadi didn’t. Contoh:
- I arrived in London on Monday -> I didn’t arrive on Sunday.
- They stayed at the Vivaldi Hotel -> They didn’t stay at the Carlton Hotel.
Karena “did” merupakan bentuk lampau, maka kata kerja utama tidak mengalami perubahan. Contoh:
- We didn’t live in Italy. Did adalah bentuk lampau sehingga live tidak dirubah menjadi bentuk lampau.
- We didn’t lived in Italy. Kalimat ini tidak benar
Pertanyaan dibuat dengan menempatkan did sebelum subjek. Contoh:
- You lived in Japan -> Did you live in Japan?
- They stayed at the Vivaldi Hotel -> Did they stay at the Vivaldi Hotel?
- You lived in Japan -> Did you lived in Japan? (tidak benar)
- You lived in Japan -> Did you live in Japan? (benar)
Kata kerja tidak beraturan
Ada banyak kata kerja simple past tense yang tidak beraturan (irregular verbs) dalam bahasa Inggris, yakni tidak ditambahkan -ed. Berikut beberapa kata kerja tidak beraturan yang paling umum.
be – was/were
become – became begin – began break – broke bring – brought build – built buy – bought catch - caught choose – chose come – came do – did draw -drea eat – ate feel – felt fight – fought find – found fly – flew forget – forgot get – got give – gave go – went have – had hear – heard hit – hit know - knew learn – learnt/learned leave – left lose – lost |
make – made
meet – met pay – paid read – read ride - rode run – run say – said sell – sold send – sent shut – shut sing – sang sit – sat sleep – slept smell – smelt/smelled speak – spoke stand – stood swim – swam take – took teach – taught tell – told think – thought understand – understood wear – wore win – won write – wrote |
- We were playing tennis with some friends from work.
- The sun was shining this morning.
Tunggal
I was walking
You were walking
He was walking
She was walking
It was walking |
Jamak
We were walking
You were walking
They were walking |
Past Continous Tense digunakan untuk tindakan-tindakan yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau. Kita sedang berada di pertengahan tindakan-tindakan ini, yakni tindakan-tindakan tersebut telah dimulai tetapi belum berakhir. Contoh:
- We were playing tennis yesterday afternoon.
- What were you doing? I was having lunch with my sister.
- I was walking in the park when it started to rain. – “Walking in the park” adalah situasi dasar, and “it started to rain” adalah kejadian baru yang terjadi setelah itu.
- It was raining so I ran back home.
- While I was running, the rain stopped.
- It wasn’t raining, so I walked in the park again.
- Yesterday I walked in the park, it started to rain, I ran back home, and the rain stopped.
Will/Shall
Will merupakan modal verb yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu di masa yang akan datang. Contoh:
- It will be sunny tomorrow.
- The new restaurant will open next week.
Afirmatif
He will /
He’ll stay at home tomorrow.
They will / They’ll be very busy.
Negatif
I will not / won’t stay at home
tomorrow.They will not / won’t be very busy. |
Pertanyaan
Will he stay at home tomorrow?Will they be busy? |
Will digunakan untuk prediksi dan fakta di masa yang akan datang. Contoh:
- We’ll finish it by tonight.
- We have a lot of time. We won’t be late.
- “Where will you go next year?” “I’ll go to America.”
Penawaran: – “The telephone’s ringing.” “I’ll answer it.”
Janji: – “I’ll never leave you” – “I’ll give it to you tomorrow morning.”
Permintaan: – “Will you wait for me this evening?”
Will yang digunakan untuk menyatakan permintaan sifatnya cukup kuat dan serng digunakan ketika jawaban yang diharapkan atas permintaan tersebut adalah “Ya”. Jika tidak maka penggunaan can lebih sopan, contoh: “Can you wait for me this evening”
Ancaman: - “You’ll be sorry!”
Perintah: – “You will not eat my chocolate-chip cookies!”
Shall
Shall digunakan hanya untuk subjek I dan we dalam pertanyaan. Contoh:
- “Shall I open the window?”
- “We shall arrive at 6.00.”
Going to digunakan untuk menunjukkan keinginan/maksud di masa yang akan datang. Contoh:
- I’m going to go on vacation next summer.
- We’re going to start our own business.
Subjek + kata kerja “to be” + going to + kata kerja infinitif.
Contoh: They are going to have dinner
Kegunaan
Going to digunakan untuk rencana-rencana di masa yang akan datang. Contoh:
- I’m going to see my friends this evening.
- He’s going to write a book.
- What are you going to do?
- He’s going to fall over! (Pembicara bisa melihat orang yang bersangkutan sedang dalam bahaya.)
- She’s going to win. (Pembicara bisa melihat orang yang bersangkutan berpeluang untuk menang).
- It will be sunny this afternoon. (Sebuah prediksi yang umum)
- It’s going to be sunny this afternoon. (Diprediksikan demikian karena pembicara melihat sekarang cuaca lebih panas)
- I was going to meet my friends but I didn’t have time.
- We were going to take a vacation but it was too expensive.
- “I’m gonna buy a new computer.”
- She’s an excellent dancer.
- I’ve got a new apartment.
- She learns quickly.
- You can speak English well.
Adjective (kata sifat)
Adjective bisa ditempatkan sebelum kata benda. Contoh:
- This is a beautiful bird.
- “This is a bird beautiful.” tidak benar.
Adjective tidak mengalami perubahan yang tergantung pada jumlah (tunggal atau jamak). Contoh:
- She has a cute puppy.
- She has three cute puppies.
Adjective juga bisa ditempatkan setelah kata kerja tertentu seperti be, feel, look, dan taste. Contoh:
- I’m really happy today.
- She’s got a new job so she feels great.
- You look wonderful!
- This chicken tastes delicious.
Adverb sering dibentuk dengan menambahkan -ly di belakang adjective. Contoh:
- quick (adjective) – He’s quick at learning new things.
- quickly (adverb) – He learns quickly.
- bad (adjective) – He didn’t get a bad test score.
- badly (adverb) – He didn’t do badly in his test.
- easy (adjective) – He thinks math is easy.
- easily (adverb) – He can do math easily.
- happy (adjective) – He’s a happy man.
- happily (adverb) – He works happily every day.
- simple (adjective) – The teacher makes difficult things simple.
- simply (adverb) – He teaches simply and clearly.
- He runs fast (adverb) – He’s a fast runner. (adjective)
- He studies hard. (adverb) – It’s a hard life. (adjective)
- She’s a good pianist.
- She plays the piano well.
- That’s a good book.
- That’s a very good book.
- She’s a talented girl.
- She’s an incredibly talented girl.
- You’re right!
- You’re absolutely right!
- I’m excited about tomorrow.
- This is an exciting book.
Apabila adjective berakhiran dengan -ed, maka adjective tersebut menunjukkan perasaan tentang sesuatu. Contoh:
- I’m interested in modern art. (Ini merupakan perasaan pribadi si pembicara)
- I was really bored yesterday.
- Modern art is interesting. (“Modern art” tidak bisa merasakan, tetapi membuat pembicara (I) merasa tertarik).
- The news was shocking. (The “news” memberikan kita perasaan shocking/kaget).
- He’s bored. – Dia (He) tidak dapat melakukan apaapa, dia tidak sedang senang. Kalimat ini menunjukkan perasaannya.
- He’s boring. – Dia (He) bukan orang yang menarik. Kalimat ini menunjukkan perasaan yang ia timbulkan pada diri orang lain.
Perhatikan bahwa adjective tidak mengalami perubahan karena jumlah (jamak/tunggal).
Adjective -ed
annoy – I don’t get annoyed easily.amazed – I’m amazed by hers artistic talent. confused – I asked the teacher, but we were still confused. disappointed – They were disappointed the weather was not good. surprised - I was surprised to see you. amused thrilled |
Adjective -ing
annoying – Noisy mobile phones can be annoying.amazing – The concert last might was amazing. confusing – This textbook is really confusing. - disappointing - Yesterday’s weather was disappointing. surprising - I heard some surprising news. amusing thrilling |
Determiner – Opini – Ukuran – Usia – Bentuk – Warna – Asal-usul – Material -> Kata benda
Determiner adalah kata seperti a, an, the, this, that. Kata-kata ini juga merupakan jenis adjective.
Contoh:
- a famous, old painting
- a big, round table
- an American, cotton shirt
- “A long, dark tunnel” atau “A long dark tunnel” keduanya dapat dipakai.
- She’s got a black and white kitten.
- She’s got a little, black kitten.
Struktur “as…as” digunakan untuk membandingkan hal-hal yang setara. Contoh:
- Jennifer is 163cm and Tony is 163cm. Jennifer is as tall as Tony.
- This house is 40 years old, that house is also 40 years old. This house is as old as that house.
- Bach’s music is as good as Mozart’s.
- Spring is as warm as fall.
- The Amazon isn’t as long as the Nile.
- The second movie wasn’t as good as the first.
- Is Japan as expensive as England?
- “Eat as much as you want.” The amount you eat is “equal” to the amount you want.
- Hurry! Run as fast as you can!
- Study as hard as possible.
- I’m 22. My friend is twice as old as me. She’s 44 years old.
- My aunt is three times as old as me. She’s 66.
- And my grandmother is four times as old as me. She’s 88 years old.
- Jenny is also 22 years old. She’s the same as me.
Quantifier (much/many/a lot of)
- I have a lot of apples.
- I don’t have many apples. - I don’t have much time.
- few – They have a few potatoes.
- little – We’ve got a little rice. |
Comparative
more
- I have more apples than
you.
- I don’t have more apples than you. - I don’t have more time than you.
- fewer - We’ve got fewer potatoes.
- less – They’ve got less rice. |
Superlative
most
- He has the most apples.
- I don’t have the most apples. - I don’t have the most time.
- fewest -You’ve got the least potatoes.
- least – I’ve got the least rice. |
- many dan few digunakan bersama dengan kata benda yang dapat dihitung (countable noun).
- much dan less digunakan bersama dengan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable noun).
- a lot of / lots of bisa digunakan baik bersama dengan countable maupun uncountable noun.
- We have as many candies as you.
- There are as few people in this town as that one.
- She’s got as much water as we do.
- I’ve got as little time as you do.
- I enjoy playing tennis.
I enjoy
playtennis” tidak benar. - We practice speaking English every day.
- They just bought a new swimming pool.
- I want to learn a new language.
- You forgot to close the door.
Kata kerja + Gerund
Berikut beberapa contoh kata kerja yang bisa diikuti dengan gerund, tetapi tidak dapat diikuti infinitif.
admit – He admitted taking the money.
celebrate – We celebrated winning the competition.
deny – The government denied spending too little on education.
dislike – I dislike complaining.
enjoy – She enjoys meeting her friends.
finish – I finished working there last month.
imagine – I imagine being a waitress is a difficult job.
keep – Where are my keys? I keep losing them.
mind – I don’t mind waiting, we’ve got time.
miss – I miss talking with my sisters.
risk – Jeff’s always late. He risks losing his job.
suggest – I suggest having lunch first.
Gerund juga digunakan setelah beberapa kata kerja frase (kata kerja yang terdiri lebih dari 1 kata). Contoh:
- If you keep on doing the same thing, you’ll get the same results.
- She wants to give up drinking coffee.
Berikut beberapa kata kerja umum yang bisa diikuti oleh infinitif, tetapi tidak dapat diikuti oleh gerund.
aim – I’m aiming to finish this book by the end of March.
afford – I can’t afford to buy new clothes.
agree – My boss agreed to give me a reference.
decide – We decided to have a baby.
deserve – You deserve to have a better score.
forget – Don’t forget to lock the door.
hope – I hope to go to Harvard Business School.
learn – I learnt to read when I was 3 years old.
mean – I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to make you angry.
need – You don’t need to study a lot, you need to study a little for a long time.
offer – He offered to help me carry these bags.
plan – They plan to go abroad next year.
pretend – He’s pretending to be sick.
promise – She promised to be here on time.
refuse – Why do they always refuse to listen?
seem – She seems to be really intelligent.
Beberapa kata kerja (verb) bisa diikuti baik oleh infinitif maupun oleh gerund. Kata kerja seperti ini selanjutnya bisa dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok pertama adalah kata kerja dengan sedikit perbedaan makna jika digunakan bersama infinitif dan jika digunakan bersama gerund. Kelompok kedua adalah kata kerja dengan perbedaan makna yang jelas jika digunakan bersama dengan infinitif dan jika digunakan bersama gerund.
Verb + Gerund atau Infinitif: Sedikit perbedaan makna
Berikut beberapa kata kerja umum yang bisa diikuti oleh gerund maupun infinitif dengan sedikit perubahan makna. Akan tetapi, perubahan makna masih bisa terjadi karena hampir tidak ada batas kombinasi antara kata kerja dan gerund/infinitif.
- begin – She began to sing. – He began working here last year.
- bother – Don’t bother to wash the dishes. I’ll do it. – Don’t bother washing the dishes. I’ll do it.
- continue – You can continue to live here for 6 months. – You can continue living here for 6 months.
- start – I started to learn the clarinet when I was 8. I started learning the clarinet when I was 8.
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