Bab 13!

1. For
For menunjukkan berapa lama sesuatu terjadi. Ini digunakan untuk menunjuk pada sebuah periode waktu. Contoh:

• We’re going to live in Malta for 6 months.
• She’s in New York for a few days.
• We went to Saudi Arabia for a week.

Lihat juga unit terkait tentang Present Perfect dan since.
2. While / During
During dan while menunjuk pada sebuah periode waktu dimana sesuatu terjadi. Contoh:

• My phone rang while I was in a meeting.
• My phone rang during the meeting.

During digunakan bersama kata benda atau frase kata benda. Contoh:

• We were busy during the weekend.
• During the night the cat woke me up.
• The Athenians suffered heavy losses during the battle of Salamis.

While digunakan bersama subjek dan kata kerja. Contoh:

• We went shopping while you were sleeping.
• You shouldn’t eat while you are in the library.
• While I was working I got an email from Tamara.

3. When / While
When dan while keduanya bisa digunakan apabila dua hal terjadi pada saat yang sama.
Apabila dua tindakan kontinyu terjadi pada saat yang sama, biasanya kita menggunakan while. Contoh:

• “While you were studying I went out shopping.” Studying dan shopping adalah tindakan.

Apabila dua peristiwa singkat terjadi pada saat yang sama, kita menggunakan when. Contoh:

• “When I saw you I didn’t recognize you.” I saw you dan I didn’t recognize you adalah peristiwa tersendiri.
• I heard you when you opened the door.

Dalam situasi ini, penggunaan while tidak benar. Contoh

• “While I saw you I didn’t recognize you.”

Jika salah satu situasi dasar kontinyu terjadi dan satu kejadian singkat lainnya terjadi pada saat yang sama, maka when maupun while keduanya bisa digunakan. Contoh:

• “When I was in Rome I met my wife.” – “While I was in Rome I met my wife.”
• “I cut myself while I was cooking dinner.” – “I cut myself when I was cooking dinner.”

Posisi klausa while dan when dapat saling ditukar yang biasanya menghasilkan sedikit perbedaan makna.

• Don’t forget to lock the door when you go out. – When you go out don’t forget to lock the door.
• We’re still growing while other businesses are losing clients. – While other businesses are losing clients, we’re still growing.

Before
Before digunakan untuk sesuatu yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu. Contoh:

• We should finish this exercise before 4.00.
• I need to buy a present before James comes.
• Before starting any business, it’s a good idea to write a business plan.

Perhatikan bahwa apabila sebuah preposisi diikuti oleh kata kerja, kata kerja tersebut harus berakhiran -ing. Contoh:

• Where did you live before coming to America? Benar
• Where did you live before to come to America? Tidak benar

After
After digunakan untuk sesuatu yang terjadi setelah waktu tertentu. Contoh:

• I’ll see you after work.
• Camilla won’t be home until after midnight.
• David got promoted after just two years with the company.

As yang menunjukkan waktu
As digunakan apabila dua tindakan singkat terjadi bersamaan. Contoh:

• I dropped my keys as I left my apartment.

As juga digunakan apabila dua tindakan lama terjadi bersamaan. Contoh:

• His health improved as he exercised more.
• As time went by his English got better.

As juga digunakan apabila sebuah tindakan terjadi selama berlangsungnya situasi utama. Contoh:

• I woke up as the sun was rising.
• She arrived as you were leaving.

As sebagai alasan
As sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang merupakan penyebab sesuatu lainnya, seperti kata “because” . Contoh:

• I’m going to bed early as I have to get up early tomorrow.
• As we’re not busy, let’s meet this afternoon for lunch.

As soon as
As soon as digunakan apabila sesuatu langsung terjadi/dilakukan setelah kejadian lainnya. Contoh:

• I’ll give you a call as soon as I’m finished.
• As soon as they go out let’s eat lunch.
• We’ll send payment as soon as you fax the signed contract.

1. By
By menunjukkan sebuah batas waktu untuk terjadinya sesuatu – sebuah peristiwa harus terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu dicapai. Contoh:

• You need to finish this report by Monday.
• I’ll be back by six o’clock.
• Our business will be making a profit by next March.

Ada tiga frase umum yang digunakan bersama dengan by:
By the time

• I want to be a successful businessman by the time 1′m 30.
• By the time we arrive at the station, the train will be gone.

By then

• They have four months to prepare for the soccer game, so by then they should be a strong team.
• The deadline for giving your essay is next Monday at 4.00. If I don’t receive your essay by then, it won’t be marked.

By that time

• We finished work at 9.00, but by that time it was too late to go out.
• I hope to go abroad next year, and by that time I’ll have enough money.

2. Untill
Until berarti sebuah tindakan atau situasi terus berlanjut sampai waktu tertentu. Contoh:

• We were working last night until 2.30.
• You can stay at home until you feel better.
• Can you wait until I’m ready?

Coba bandingkan until dan by:

• “I’ll work here until September.” Ini berarti pembicara akan bekerja disini sampai September, kemudian berhenti.
• “I’ll work here by September.” Ini berarti bahwa pembicara tidak sedang bekerja disini sekarang, tetapi baru akan memulai bekerja pada waktu antara sekarang sampai September.

Till
Till merupakan bentuk lain dari until, maknanya secara umum sama walaupun until biasanya digunakan pada awal kalimat.
3. From…to/until
From…to/until digunakan untuk menandai permulaan dan akhir sebuah periode waktu. Contoh:

• Western people often work from Monday to Friday, but Oriental people often work from Monday to Saturday.
• I’m staying in Saudi Arabia from the beginning of March until the end of August.

From…to sedikit lebih informal dibanding from…until.
Kata keterangan tingkat menunjukkan seberapa banyak atau sejauh mana sesuatu terjadi. Contoh:

• Mike is a very good student.
• I’m quite excited about my interview tomorrow.